Good Seasoning For Popcorn 2010

Nosemosis & CCD

Nosemosis and CCD
Update on the situation.


The Nosemosis

Introduction

Nosema is a condition long known beekeepers. This disease has been particularly well studied between 1950 and 1990. Until 1996, the causative agent in Apis mellifera was Nosema apis, but since a decade, it appears that the situation becomes more complex with the emergence of Nosema ceranae apiaries in Europe.

Nosema apis and Nosema apis Nosema ceranae

and Nosema ceranae belong to the group of microsporidia. They are unicellular relatives of the yeast grows inside a cell and there differentiate into spores. These fungi parasitize only the adult bees and especially the workers.

cycle of Nosema apis begins with ingestion of the parasite by the bee. The fungus then penetrates the cells of the digestive tract and begins colonization of it. The transmission is then carried through feces. The infection spreads through the hive during periods when workers have fewer opportunities to fly hygiene (eg in winter) and are therefore forced to defecate inside the hive. The infection has a seasonal pattern with an increase in late winter and a peak in late spring and early summer.

Nosema causes various disturbances within the hive. Nosema apis causes a reduction in the activity of the hypopharyngeal glands of nurse bees. The queens lay eggs with a large percentage does not pupae. A decrease in the lifespan of workers and therefore a risk of death of the colony during the winter. Bees are slow to build in the spring and low producing honey in the summer.

Clinical signs themselves are often absent, Nosema apis is an agent acting mainly opportunistic. Infected bees sometimes have episodes of diarrhea and dysentery but described in the literature is observed that if other factors intervene, such imbalances in the supply of bees.

Infection with Nosema ceranae, in addition to not present a seasonal pattern appears to be more virulent and destructive to the cells of the gastrointestinal tract without having any more signs. It also could highlight the presence of spores of Nosema ceranae in pollen loads made up by bees. The fungus is then transmitted by the regurgitation of liquid from the crop.

Nosema is above all the problem of reduced resilience of bees against other infectious agents by a phenomenon of immunosuppression. Thus, a swarm may be contaminated with Nosema apis Nosema ceranae or without presenting abnormalities visible to the beekeeper as another factor is not added to the equation.


Diagnosis of Nosema is by simple microscopic examination on a sample of 10 to 25 bees collected at the hive entrance. By cons, only the PCR to determine if the infection is caused by Nosema apis Nosema or ceranae.

The infection control through disinfection frameworks (for example using concentrated acetic acid) and the treatment is done using the antibiotic fumagiline, with no an Authorization of the Marketing in France.

Current Situation in Europe

It was previously established that Nosema apis was the agent of Nosema Apis mellifera. In 1995, Professor Ingemar Fries described in Apis cerana Nosema ceranae and demonstrated experimentally by following the possibility of infection of Apis mellifera by this agent. He then took until 2005 that major new observations are made.

The introduction of PCR for identification of the type of Nosema helped to highlight the co-existence of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in the European bee. A study conducted in France by the laboratory AFSSA Sophia Antipolis 2002 to 2005 has also yielded somewhat surprising results in this regard.

The study was conducted in 25 apiaries located in the Eure, Indre, Gard, Gers and the Yonne. Of the samples, 65.6% showed spores of Nosema ceranae. It should be noted that no symptoms of acute Nosema were noted during sampling. The researchers concluded that Nosema ceranae was present in France since at least 2002.

Other studies in Europe have resulted in three findings. First, a causal link has been established between the presence of Nosema ceranae syndrome and depopulation of beehives. Second, the samples tested by PCR in hives all over Europe have shown a greater presence of Nosema apis Nosema ceranae that. And thirdly, it was observed a total absence of seasonal Nosema-positive samples since 2005.

In June 2008, the departmental laboratory analysis of Jura has presented its analysis results for samples collected in the Champagne, Lorraine, Alsace and Franche-Comte. These results speak for themselves: 50% of samples had more than 4 million spores per bee Nosema ceranae. In conclusion



Given the results of these studies, it is clear that the old associations Nosema apis / Nosema Apis mellifera and ceranae / Apis cerana are largely outdated. Nosema ceranae is strong in Europe and infection of hives in France is clearly established. By cons, it is difficult to say with certainty when was the arrival of Nosema ceranae on French soil, identification by PCR have been introduced only recently. It is even conceivable that Nosema ceranae was present for a long time in our countries without our us to be seen.

The main problem posed by Nosema ceranae is the loss of life of workers could lead eventually to a critical situation for the hive. It would however be simplistic to think that the syndrome depopulation of hives is only due to Nosema.




Colony collapse disease (CCD) or
syndrome depopulation of beehives

The Colony Collapse Disease is a syndrome characterized by the gradual decrease in the number of bees in a colony, without apparent cause, until the collapse of the latter and its disappearance for lack of bees to ensure adequate basic tasks.

Few specific comments were made by beekeepers. Some have reported a decrease in the production of honey and pollen can be explained by the progressive loss of bees. Others describe hives deserted, without observation of dead bees or the presence of the usual "hive robbers" such Aethina. By cons, we can find secondary conditions in the final phases of the CCD, mostly brood diseases such as American foulbrood and ascospherosis.

The absence of dead bees can be explained by the death of bees away from hives. This leads to a lower intake of nectar and pollen, medium term, the total disappearance of the colony by lack of food and workers.

The case of Spain in 2005-2006

massive losses of colonies were observed in Spain during the winter of 2005-2006. These losses were related to Nosema but it appears that it is not the only cause of the collapse of hives. The studies lean toward the hypothesis of a multifactorial syndrome is unclear. The varroa mite and pesticide use have been implicated. Regarding pesticides, the track still appears unlikely, imidacloprid (Gaucho ®) being banned in Spain and the bees has been little or no contact with areas of crops treated with fipronil (Regent ®). Comments

United States in 2006-2007

Another significant observation of CCD was made in the United States during winter 2006 and spring 2007. A U.S. study showed an association between the syndrome of depopulation of beehives and a virus, IAPV (Virus Israeli Acute Paralysis). Again, the presence of the virus alone does not explain the CCD.

The hypothesis most attractive issued by U.S. researchers link the CCD incubating brood caused by inadequate various factors. Thus, infections, chronic exposure of bees to insecticides, inadequate nutrition in quantity and quality, "Migration" by truck adult populations for pollination and inadequate regulation of brood temperature due to climate changes and other part of this syndrome.

In conclusion

Today we can say that even if the fight against Nosema will probably be the workhorse of beekeepers in the coming years, there is a lot of questions unanswered about the syndrome depopulation of hives .

Pending approval treatment of Nosema ceranae on French territory, the efforts of beekeepers will have to focus on the prevention of multiple causes of imbalance within the hive.
This prevention depends more than ever on an adequate treatment for varroa and dialogue with local officials for use of insecticides and encouragement of crop diversification.

Veterinarian Dr. David ALEXANDER


Bibliography:

. Pernal, Melathopoulos & Van Haga, "Biology, Diagnosis and Control of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, 2007, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Beaverlodge, AB, http://www.capabees.com/main/files/pdf/nosema.pdf
. Chauzat Marie-Pierre Nicolas and Cougoule Falcon Jean-Paul, "The species Nosema ceranae is present in France in the colonies of bees, AFSSA, The health of the bee, http://www.apiservices .com / health-of-Labeille / articles / ceranae_presente.htm
. Robert J. Paxton, "Nosema ceranae - A New Threat to honey bees Apis mellifera," originally published in "Bees for Development Journal 81", posted 24 february 2007 in http://www.beesfordevelopment.org/info/ info / disease /-nosema ceranae-a-new-thre.shtml
. Higes Mariano, Raquel Martin, Alberto Sanz, Noemt Alvarez, Angel Sanz, Del Pilar Garcia Ma, Meana Aranzazu "syndrome depopulation of beehives in Spain,"
http://www.apiservices.com/articles/ com / syndrome_depeuplement_espagne.pdf
. Colin Marc-Edouard Laurent Gauthier, Magali Tournaire, "Opportunism in Nosema ceranae," in Flowers & Bees # 690, January 2008,
http://www.apiculture.com/articles/fr/ opportunisme_nosema.pdf
. River Wekstein Gil, "Bees: Nosema ceranae invaded eastern France », 11 juin 2008, http://www.agriculture-environnement.fr/spip.php?article379
. Flottum Kim, « Beekeepers think they know what causes colony collapse disorder », 29 septembre 2008, The Daily Green,
http://www.thedailygreen.com/archives/environmental-news/blogs/bees/by_tag/nosema%20ceranae/15;1
. Martin-Hernandez Raquel, Meana Aranzazu, Prieto Lourdes, Salvador Amparo Martinez, Garrido-Bailon, and Higes Mariano, « Outcome of Colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae », Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Oct. 2007, p. 6331-6338, vol. 73, n°20
. Oldroyd Benjamin P., « What's killing American Honey bees? », Plos Biol vol.5 Issue 6 e168, June 2007, http://www.bio.usyd.edu.au/Social_InsectsLab/BensPDFs/oldroydPLosBiol07.pdf
. van Engelsdorp Dennis, Hayes Jr. Jerry, Underwood Robyn M., Pettis Jeffery, « A survey of honey bee colony losses in the U.S., fall 2007 to spring 2008 », Plos One vol.3 Issue 12 e4071, December 2008, http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0004071
. Kaplan J. Kim, « Colony collapse disorder : a complex buzz », Agricultural Research, May-June 2008, pp 8-11, http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/may08/colony0508.pdf
. Melissa Beattie-Moss, "Colonies in collapse," ResearchPennState website, november 12th 2008, http://www.rps.psu.edu/indepth/bees1.html

Can You Use Vaseline To Masterbate?

Noon in the streets of Saint Louis. On the sidewalks are crowded traders and shopkeepers, pedestrians and tourists, completely indifferent to the little wonder that accompanies their daily routines. And, from that shy little corner can be seen from the transfer, your unseen presence is indispensable in life frequented the Parisian neighborhood. And you moan becomes the edge of a city.


delusions and moan and start moaning, wrapping your stories nocturnal ragged voice that upholds the one who dares to accompany your tears. Moan and groan your results in a flurry of strokes which are rushing towards the ever-comforting cadence flat, devoid of splendor, expectantly awaiting the echo of a sob again. Moan and scream in your shelter a thousand parasites that only you seem to find direction in his lonely wanderings. Late afternoon

around Saint Louis. The gentle murmur of water accompanied by the testimony of your ausencia. La isla, pero AJENA testigo, adormece is a Mecer acompasado that será un nuevo lamento of preámbulo. Are between bleak, la isla de Saint Louis solo escucha you Llanto.

Permaianan Naruto Fight Vs One Piace

Accordion L'art doit-il être beau? Joyeux Noël

The relationship between beauty and art has always been a highly contentious issue among scholars and artists because of the changing concept of art throughout the years. Indeed, art and aesthetics and the quest for beauty has always been historically linked since the art was conceived as the instrument used by men to seek beauty, the latter being considered one of the virtues to which human activity must be directed. Certainly, from Plato and the Greek thinkers beauty has been designed as what enables man to transcend his human condition and approach the divine, which leads the soul towards truth, understood as moral virtue par excellence. Aristotle, in fact, when speaking of art, says that one must distinguish between the act of production (the art itself) and the result of such production (the work), although any the creative process must be conducted to find the "beautiful" ("Ethics Nicomachean). Thus, according to the conventional notion of art the artist is the intermediary or intercessor between the worldly and the divine sphere, which was conceived as the maximum aspiration of humankind: the art was donated the instrument used for s to approach the beauty, the virtues of the integral divine.

The objective of approaching the divine through art has been one of the most important characteristics of medieval art, although art now make use of it for the purpose of the work himself. Indeed, painters and sculptors create works to praise God and to approach virtue (beauty), whose object is composed by episodes of sacred history. Thus, the artist seeks beauty through his works, which have a religious purpose, to sing the glory and greatness of God. Consequently, only the fine art is good because this is valid only to praise God.

However, the Renaissance notion that art is radically transformed due to the change in the concept of man and the world. Indeed, man becomes the center of creation instead of God. The works are increasingly worldly and sifted science, although the artist is still trying to find beauty, it is now conceived as an empirical or sensory pleasure and not as a virtue. We can also find such a secularization of the search for beauty in art in the Enlightenment, which transformed the art into an instrument for the pursuit of virtue, albeit under a rationalist. Certainly, the Enlightenment manage to put reason in place of God and therefore the virtues that should be sought now are no longer theological virtues (faith, hope and charity), cardinal (prudence, justice, temperance and fortitude) or moral principles or virtues but born of the Revolution and the Enlightenment. Thus, freedom, equality, truth and justice are the goals of any creative act, although these are goals designed to sense and liberal point of Rousseau: the deification of reason cancels beauty as a moral value transcendent and absolute or to transform it into the result of a rational process. The look is perceived as what everyone through the sensory perception of reality under the scrutiny of reason, considered as such. Thus, with the birth of philosophical relativism begins the dispute over the notion of art.

But since the late nineteenth century relativism has increased considerably and therefore beauty is subjective and personal value, which is what the artist sees it as such. Beauty or "beautiful" is more objective and measurable value that can inspire the creative process of the artist and the notion of art itself: the relationship between art and beauty as the concept falters the latter becomes relative and subjective.

Indeed, there are certain artistic movements that rely on finding the definition of art itself, such as art conceptual. Thus, this group of artists, among which one can find Joseph Kosuth, On Kawara, or Sol LeWitt, first requirement is to analyze what allows the art to be art, that is to say, the quintessence art. According Kosuth, for example, "it is necessary to separate aesthetics from art because aesthetics involves judgments on the perception of the world in general", so "other functions apparent in the art [of painting religious themes, portraits of aristocrats or ornamental function, among others] were using art to conceal art. (...) The considerations aesthetics are always extraneous to the function of an object or its purpose. "Thus, we can see that since Duchamp and his" readymade "the interests of art no longer about the shape of language, that is to say, the external appearance or aesthetic of the work, but on what is said by Kosuth makes "the whole art (after Duchamp) is conceptual."

Certainly, it can be seen through analysis of the evolution of the concept of art over the years so that the relationship between art and challenged beauty has its origin in relativism, in the subjectification of reality. Indeed, if one eliminates the concepts, principles and values objectives, we eliminate the essence of things and reality, the latter being a single act of will, a single cognitive act. Subjectivism in the beauty that art has lost the most important component of its nature, that is to say the purpose of art embodied in the pursuit of beauty as superior value. All this brought to an extreme relativism has been the cause of conceptual deconstruction, like Descartes, who may question Teller des Notions sur l'art ou le beau jusqu'à l'absurde (par example, Joseph Kosuth tautology of "l'art est la définition de l'art") et qui a conduit aux Notions conceptuellement vines. La question qu'on doit poser n'est pas celle was savoir s'il joins relation exists between nécessaire l'art et la beauté, mais celle of définition même de l'art.